{"id":1059,"date":"2021-06-15T15:58:28","date_gmt":"2021-06-15T12:58:28","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ibrahimaybek.com\/?p=1059"},"modified":"2025-05-10T12:54:12","modified_gmt":"2025-05-10T09:54:12","slug":"usturlaplar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.ibrahimaybek.com\/index.php\/2021\/06\/15\/usturlaplar\/","title":{"rendered":"Usturlaplar"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Usturlap nedir?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcndeki cisimlerin y\u00fckseklik a\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7meye yarayan ve bu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlere g\u00f6re zaman\u0131 ve konumu tahmin etmemizi sa\u011flayan aletlere usturlaplar denmektedir. Bu gizemli aletlerin geli\u015fim s\u00fcreci M.\u00d6. 1.yy\u2019a kadar gitmektedir. 8. yy’dan itibaren M\u00fcsl\u00fcman bilim adamlar\u0131n\u0131n tamamen farkl\u0131 bir boyuta ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 geometri ve astronomi bilgisinin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olan alet modern zamanlara kadar zaman ve tarih hesaplar\u0131nda kilit \u00f6neme sahip olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Usturlaplar hangi problemleri \u00e7\u00f6zmede kullan\u0131l\u0131r?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00fcnyan\u0131n ekseni G\u00fcne\u015f etraf\u0131ndaki y\u00f6r\u00fcngesine g\u00f6re e\u011fik oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in ekvator d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki yerlerde her tarihte gece ve g\u00fcnd\u00fcz s\u00fcreleri de\u011fi\u015fmektedir. Y\u0131l boyunca G\u00fcne\u015fin do\u011fu\u015f ve bat\u0131\u015f saatlerini do\u011fru hesaplamak i\u00e7in usturlaplara ihtiya\u00e7 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eksen e\u011fikli\u011fi olmasayd\u0131 G\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 her g\u00fcn \u00f6\u011flen saatinde ayn\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131yla d\u00fcnyaya gelirdi. Usturlaplara gerek olmadan, bir \u00e7ubuk yard\u0131m\u0131 ile g\u00f6lge y\u00f6n\u00fcne bakarak her g\u00fcn saati tespit etmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olurdu. Ancak eksen e\u011fikli\u011fi nedeniyle mevsimlere g\u00f6re G\u00fcne\u015fin g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcnde eri\u015fti\u011fi y\u00fckseklik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fmektedir. \u0130\u015fte usturlaplar bu de\u011fi\u015fime ra\u011fmen saatin do\u011fru tespiti yapabilmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Di\u011fer yandan G\u00fcne\u015fin g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcnde olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gece saatlerinde de i\u00e7inde bulunan tarihe g\u00f6re g\u00f6zlemlenebilen y\u0131ld\u0131zlar de\u011fi\u015fmektedir. Yaz\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcnen y\u0131ld\u0131zlar ile k\u0131\u015f\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcnen y\u0131ld\u0131zlar ayn\u0131 de\u011fildir. \u0130\u015fte usturlap g\u00f6zlemledi\u011fimiz y\u0131ld\u0131za g\u00f6re saat ve tarih hesab\u0131 yapmam\u0131z\u0131 sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. Tarih bilindi\u011finde saat, saat bilindi\u011finde tarih tespiti yapmaya izin vermektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Usturlaplar\u0131n karma\u015f\u0131k bir\u00e7ok i\u015flevinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra s\u0131k kullan\u0131lan i\u015flevlerinden birisi de trigonometri cetveli olmalar\u0131d\u0131r. Karek\u00f6kl\u00fc say\u0131lar\u0131 hesaplamak kolay olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in bu say\u0131lar\u0131 kesirli ifadeler olarak yazmay\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131ran kareli trigonometrik cetveller, bu karma\u015f\u0131k hesaplar\u0131 pratikle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Usturlap nas\u0131l \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki mekanik saatlerin atas\u0131 olarak kabul edilen usturlaplar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma prensibi analog saatlere olduk\u00e7a benzemektedir. Saatlerde on iki saati belirten numaralar varken, usturlaplarda yirmi d\u00f6rt saat vard\u0131r. Numara yerine o numaraya kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelen a\u00e7\u0131sal de\u011fer yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Saatlerde ve usturlaplarda \u00f6\u011flen on iki tam yukar\u0131y\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. Saatlerde Akrebin bulundu\u011fu pozisyon g\u00fcne\u015fin hareketi d\u00f6nerken, usturlaplarda da ayn\u0131 d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f \u015febekenin d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fclmesi ile yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Bur\u00e7 Takvimi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eski usturlaplarda tarih hesab\u0131 bur\u00e7 takvimine g\u00f6re yap\u0131l\u0131r. Aylar bur\u00e7larla ifade edilmi\u015ftir. G\u00fcne\u015fin hangi bur\u00e7ta bulundu\u011fu tespit edilir ve usturlap ona g\u00f6re kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Usturlaplar\u0131n \u015febekesi \u00fczerinde bulunan i\u00e7 yuvarlak bur\u00e7 takvimini g\u00f6stermektedir. G\u00fcne\u015f bu yuvarlak i\u00e7inde tarih ilerledik\u00e7e saat y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fcn tersine d\u00f6nmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Usturlap Levhalar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Usturlaplar\u0131n i\u00e7inde bulunan levhalar sadece belirli enlemlerde ge\u00e7erlidir. Enlem de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fi zaman hesaplar hatal\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar. Bu nedenle usturlaplarda birden fazla enlem levhalar\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu levhalarda ufuk \u00e7izgisi, g\u00f6k k\u00fcrenin iz d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc, g\u00f6k kutbu ve zenit(ba\u015f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n tam \u00fczeri) i\u015faretlenmi\u015ftir. Parmak izine benzeyen mukantara \u00e7izgileri ufuk d\u00fczleminden itibaren a\u00e7\u0131 y\u00fcksekli\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Usturlaplar ve Trigonometri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki bir\u00e7ok hesap makinesinin olmazsa olmaz fonksiyonu olan trigonometri hesaplar\u0131 eski zamanlarda usturlaplarla yap\u0131labilmekteydi. Genellikle usturlaplar\u0131n arka y\u00fcz\u00fcnde bulunan sin\u00fcs kosin\u00fcs cetvelleri a\u00e7\u0131 de\u011ferlerinin sin\u00fcs ve kosin\u00fcs de\u011ferlerini vermekteydi. K\u00f6kl\u00fc say\u0131larla hesaplar\u0131n daha zor olmas\u0131 nedeniyle trigonometrik de\u011ferlerin kesirli olarak yaz\u0131lmas\u0131na olanak tan\u0131yan karelerden olu\u015fan bir birim cetveli bulunmaktayd\u0131. Bu cetveller sayesinde g\u00f6lge uzunlu\u011fu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclen bir cismin boyu, boyu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclen bir cismin g\u00f6lge uzunlu\u011fu, uzakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinen bir nesnenin y\u00fcksekli\u011fi, ya da y\u00fcksekli\u011fi bilinen bir cisme olan uzakl\u0131k kolayca hesaplanabilmekteydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Usturlaplar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Usturlaplar g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde dekoratif bir obje halini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hobi ama\u00e7l\u0131 usturlap \u00fcreten zanaatk\u00e2rlar bulunmakla birlikte yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda baz\u0131 firmalar usturlap \u00fcretmektedir. Yeni geli\u015fen 3B yaz\u0131c\u0131lar i\u00e7in yazd\u0131r\u0131labilir usturlaplar bulunmaktad\u0131r. Ancak t\u00fcm bunlar\u0131n yan\u0131nda elektronik d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda Sky Map, Night Sky,Star Tracker gibi bir\u00e7ok modern yaz\u0131l\u0131m usturlaplar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kullanmaktad\u0131r. Geleneksel usturlaplar\u0131n tam olarak nas\u0131l \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlamak istiyorsan\u0131z sizin de yeni \u00e7\u0131kan Usturlap Kullan\u0131m K\u0131lavuzu adl\u0131 esere bir g\u00f6z atman\u0131z\u0131 \u00f6neririm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Usturlap nedir? G\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcndeki cisimlerin y\u00fckseklik a\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7meye yarayan ve bu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlere g\u00f6re zaman\u0131 ve konumu tahmin etmemizi sa\u011flayan aletlere usturlaplar denmektedir. Bu gizemli aletlerin geli\u015fim s\u00fcreci M.\u00d6. 1.yy\u2019a kadar gitmektedir. 8. yy’dan itibaren M\u00fcsl\u00fcman bilim adamlar\u0131n\u0131n...<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1062,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,142],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1059","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ilginclik","category-usturlap"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.ibrahimaybek.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1059","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.ibrahimaybek.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.ibrahimaybek.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.ibrahimaybek.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.ibrahimaybek.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1059"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"http:\/\/www.ibrahimaybek.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1059\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1562,"href":"http:\/\/www.ibrahimaybek.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1059\/revisions\/1562"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.ibrahimaybek.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1062"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.ibrahimaybek.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1059"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.ibrahimaybek.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1059"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.ibrahimaybek.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1059"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}